In 1911, Freud released one of his classic - as well as Classical - papers on mental functioning. Addictions can also be a result of social rejection.DGB - David Gordon Bain Dialectical-Gap-Bridging It can also be associated with aversive sensations a person might fall prey to a deadly addiction, just because he feels that it relieves him of stress or anxiety. For instance, smoking or doing drugs can be associated with peer pressure or the desire to be part of a clique which engages in such addictions. ➔ Although smoking or addiction of any sort doesn’t technically suffice the id, it is in some way associated with some or the other biological or psychological drive. So if a person is craving for a cigarette, and can’t have one because of the presence of his family, he may excuse himself and go to an isolated spot to feed his id. Additionally, as the addiction increases, the super-ego’s scope shifts from ‘not doing it’, to ‘doing it in a socially acceptable and safe way’. The pleasure derived from smoking a cigarette is so immense that the super-ego, which previously denied such an act, begins approving it. This can be widely seen in case of addictions. In such cases, ego uses defense mechanisms to amend the values of the super-ego. This may make the super-ego furious (if it has judged the act to be wrong), and it might induce a sense of guilt or inferiority. However, as mentioned earlier, the ego is slightly partial towards the id it sometimes may execute pleasurable desires in favor of the id. ➔ The final decision is always taken in consultation to the super-ego (morality). So if the child’s morale is well-developed, he would head straight home and either eat his supper, or ask his mom to order a pizza for him. Once, the super-ego gives a verdict, the ego does the job to execute it. Now that the id has given all the possible options and outcomes, it consults the super-ego (morality principle) for a correct decision.Īlthough ego mediates between id and super-ego, it has more affinity towards the former. However, in case you’re craving to have a pizza, you can go home and ask your mom for some money to eat pizza. But if you do that, you’ll have to answer to your mom, and she would be extremely angry. The options could be you using the fee money to eat a pizza. Note that the ego doesn’t give a biased picture, it only shows different aspects in which a situation can be handled. It’ll analyze the situation, and compute all the possible options and their respective outcomes. Your id is pleading for gratification, you cannot wait as you’re extremely hungry. You got money which your mom had given you to pay the school fees, but you forgot to pay it. ➔ Consider that you’re hungry, and returning home from school. When he speaks the truth, he is appreciated. When the child lies, he’s scolded by his parents or punished by his teacher. For example, a child is taught that lying is bad, and speaking the truth is good. The super-ego develops through experience and learning. It’s definitions of right and wrong determine which option to choose. ➔ The deciding entity is ultimately the super-ego. It acts as a mediator between the external world, super-ego, and the needs of the id. Ego is like an executive or administrative manager. It still exists, but is governed by the ego. But this doesn’t mean that the id has disappeared. Likewise, the development of ego post infancy also helps the child to adjust or tolerate the societal norms. The presence of id in the initial years of life is of great importance, as this is what makes the child cry to satiate his/her needs for food, sleep, and love or attention. The id on the other hand, being more biologically triggered, exists right from birth. The ego comes from the child’s understanding of how the world functions. This happens as the child is gradually exposed to people other than his parents, and places other than his home. This implies that the ego develops in succession to the id. This makes the child realize that certain needs are not gratified instantly, they need to wait. The teacher might pacify the child by the means of distraction, giving the child a toy to play with, etc. For instance, when the child goes to school and cries wanting to see his mother, his/her need isn’t gratified immediately. However, as the child grows up, the ego begins to develop. This is because all the child’s needs are almost instantaneously gratified by his/her parents. ➔ During infancy, the child’s behavior is completely based on the pleasure principle.
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